#DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE SUMMARY FREE#

The English draft of the document was written by James Busby, and was translated into MДЃori by the missionary Henry Williams ( a draft in WilliamвЂ™s handwriting is held at Archives New Zealand). In return for the 'friendship and protection'В that MДЃori were to give British subjects in New Zealand, the chiefs asked King William IV 'to continue to be the parent of their infant State', and requested he 'become its Protector from all attempts upon its independence'. The chiefs present agreed to meet annually at Waitangi to make laws. All sovereign power and authority in the land ('Ko te Kingitanga ko te mana i te wenua') resided with the chiefs 'in their collective capacity'. It asserted the independence of Nu Tireni (Aotearoa New Zealand) under the rule of the 'United Tribes of New Zealand'. The document itself consisted of four articles. He Whakaputanga can be translated as 'an emergence'. It was also one of theВ earliestВ assertionsВ of MДЃori identity beyond separate iwi and hapЕ«. Officially recognised by the United Kingdom, it signalled the emergence of MДЃori authority on the world stage. Through He Whakaputanga, these 52 rangatira asserted that Aotearoa New Zealand was an independent MДЃori state, that power resided fully with MДЃori, and that foreigners would not be allowed to make laws.Дescribed by British Resident James Busby as the 'Magna Carta of New Zealand Independence', He Whakaputanga was a bold and innovative declaration of Indigenous power. This included Te HДЃpuku of Hawkes Bay, and the Waikato leader Te Wherowhero, who later became the first MДЃori King. He co-hosted The Two Way from its launch in May 2009 through April 2014.First signed by 34 Northern MДЃori rangatira (chiefs) on 28 October 1835, He Whakaputanga collected a further 18 signatures by 1839. Mark Memmott is NPR's standards and practices editor. Today is a good day to study it again, to listen to Morning Edition's annual reading and to see if you agree with Lucas' conclusions. In his paper, Lucas digs deep and notes that the declaration 'gradually becomes a kind of drama, with its tensions expressed more and more in personal terms.' Obviously, there's much more that could be said about the language of the declaration. The purpose, Lucas said, is to 'slow the text.' Especially when the line is read aloud, as the declaration would have been to crowds at the time, the chiasmus forces listeners to concentrate on the message: That the Americans were reasonable people being forced to take up arms, but that they would surely be friends with the British again some day. In this case, 'Friends' was placed at the end of the phrase. That's a rhetorical device in which the second of two parallel phrases is inverted. Today, a speechwriter would very likely had ended that section with 'enemies in war, friends in peace.'Д«ut the declaration employs a chiasmus. Like their king, it reads, the British were 'deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.' (Descent from the same ancestor.)Д«ut, the declaration adds, Americans will treat the British people 'as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.' The declaration includes a message aimed straight at the British people. A chiasmus: 'Enemies in War, in Peace Friends' The 'facts' were not being 'suggested' or 'alleged.' They were being presented as what Jefferson and the others saw them - the truth. 'Submitted' is also an interesting word choice.

#DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE SUMMARY FREE#

But prove to whom? To a 'candid world' - that is, to readers who are free from bias or malice, who are fair, impartial, and just.' The opening phrase - 'To prove this' - indicates the 'facts' to follow will indeed prove that George III is a tyrant. That last sentence, Lucas wrote in his paper, 'is so innocuous one can easily overlook its artistry and importance. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.' 'The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states.

The section is introduced with these lines: submitted to a candid world'ДЄ large section of the declaration is devoted to a list of grievances against King George III.

Declaration of independence summary